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Hatshepsut Queen of Egypt (c. 1472 – 58 BC). Daughter of Thutmose I and wife of Thutmose II, she first acted as regent for her stepson, Thutmose III, but soon ordered herself crowned as pharaoh. She devoted much of the profit from expanded trade and tribute to an extensive building program, most notably to a splendid temple at Dayr al-Bahri. Once having proclaimed herself king, Hatshepsut had a tomb excavated for herself in the Valley of the Kings. But after her death her memory was execrated by Thutmose III, who caused her name to be erased from the monuments wherever it could be found. |
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Akhenaten (c. 1385 B.C. - c. 1350 B.C.) was a revolutionary who transformed Egyptian society by instituting history's first monotheistic religion. Rejecting belief in Egypt's numerous traditional gods, Akhenaten worshipped the sun disk, or Aten, as the only true god. With his attempted eradication of Egypt's primary god, Amun, Akhenaten earned the hatred of Amun's high priests who called him Egypt's "heretic pharaoh."
 papyrus (M C347)
papyrus (M C671)
papyrus (M C752)
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Ramesses II (1304-1237 B.C.), Pharaoh of Egypt who defeated the Hittites at the battle of Kadesh in c.1300 bc. A great warrior, he was also the builder of some of Egypt's most famous monuments. Among the most famous of his constructions are his temple at Abydos, his funerary temple, known as the Ramesseum, at Thebes, and the great rockcut temple at Abu Simbel in Nubia.
papyrus (M C719)
papyrus (M C700)
papyrus (M C756)
papyrus (M C718)
papyrus (M C781) |
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Tutankhamen (reigned 1361-1352 B.C.), the twelfth King of the Eighteenth Egyptian Dynasty, became the most famous of the Pharaohs when his treasure-filled tomb was discovered in the 20th century. Akhenaten and Nefertiti were known to have had six daughters, and with one of his other wives, Kiya, he had a son, the famous Tutankhamen. Recent scientific evidence indicates that Tutankhamun died of gangrene following a broken leg.
papyrus (M C332)
papyrus (M C333)
papyrus (M C319)
papyrus (M C324)
papyrus (M C358) |
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Cleopatra, the last Pharaoh of the ancient Egypt. Her reign marks the end of the Hellenistic Era and the beginning of the Roman Era in the eastern Mediterranean. In 41 BC, Mark Anthony, one of the triumvirs who ruled Rome in the power vacuum following Caesar's death, summoned Cleopatra to meet him in Tarsus to answer questions about her loyalty. Cleopatra arrived in great state, and so charmed Antony that he chose to spend the winter of 41 BC–40 BC with her in Alexandria. Four years later , Anthony married Cleopatra according to the Egyptian rite although he was at the time married to Octavia Minor, sister of his fellow triumvir Octavian who convinced the Senate to levy war against Egypt. After Antony and Cleopatra were defeated at Actium by their rival and Caesar's legal heir, Cleopatra committed suicide. In most depictions, Cleopatra is put forward as a great beauty and her successive conquests of the world's most powerful men is taken to be proof of her aesthetic and sexual appeal.
papyrus (M C338) |
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Nefertari, Akhenaten's chief wife was Nefertiti, made world-famous by the discovery of her exquisitely moulded and painted bust, now displayed in the Altes Museum of Berlin, and among the most recognised works of art surviving from the ancient world.
papyrus (M C330)
papyrus (M C757)
papyrus (M C325)
papyrus (M C350)
papyrus (M C334)
papyrus (M C669)
papyrus (M C648)
papyrus (M C787)
papyrus (M C788) |
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Ankhesenamen, the third of six known daughters of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten and his great royal wife Nefertari. Ankhesenamen was married to her half brother, King Tutankhamen. The couple appeared on paintings is a sign of love.
papyrus (M C342)
papyrus (M C341 & C791)
papyrus (M C645)
papyrus (M C646)
papyrus (M C663)
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